Acute kidney failure
Saturday, January 19, 2013
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Causes, incidence, and risk factors
there are many possible causes of kidney damage. they include :
acute tubular necrosis ( atn )
autoimmune kidney disease
blood clots from cholesterol ( cholesterol emboli )
decreased blood flow due to very low blood pressure, which can result from :
burn
dehydration
bleeding
injury
septic shock
severity
operation
disorders that cause clotting within blood vessels of kidney
infections that directly injure the kidney, such as :
acute pyelonephritis
blood poisoning
pregnancy complications, including :
placental abruption
placenta previa
blockage of the urinary tract
Symptom
- bloody stools
- bad breath and a metallic taste in the mouth
- easy bruising
- changes in mental status or mood
- decreased appetite
- decreased sensation, especially in the hands or feet
- fatigue
- flank pain ( between the ribs and hips )
- hand tremor
- high blood pressure
- metallic taste in the mouth
- nausea or vomiting, may last for days
- nosebleed
- persistent hiccups
- prolonged bleeding
- convulsions
- shortness of breath
- slow, sluggish movement
- swelling as the body remains in a fluid
- swelling, usually in the ankles, legs, and feet
- urination changes :
- little or no urine
- excessive urination at night
- urination stops completely
Signs and tests
your doctor or nurse will check you out. many patients with kidney disease have a body swelling caused by fluid retention. the doctor may hear a heart murmur, crackles in the lungs, or other abnormal sounds when listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope.
the results of laboratory tests may change suddenly ( within a few days to 2 weeks ). the tests may include :
bun
creatinine
serum creatinine
serum potassium
urinalysis
a kidney or abdominal ultrasound is the preferred test for diagnosing urinary tract obstruction. x-ray, ct scan, or abdominal mri can tell if there is a blockage.
blood tests can help reveal the causes of kidney failure. arterial blood gas and blood chemistry may show metabolic acidosis.
Treatment
once the cause is found, the goal of treatment is to help your kidneys are working again and prevent fluid and waste from building up in the body while they heal. usually, you have to stay in the hospital for treatment.
the amount of liquid you eat ( such as soup ) or drink will be limited to the amount of urine you can produce. you will be told what you can and can not eat to reduce the buildup of toxins that the kidneys would normally remove. your diet may need to be high in carbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and potassium.
you may need antibiotics to treat or prevent infections. diuretics ( water pills ) may be used to help remove fluids from your body.
medications will be given through a vein to help control your blood potassium levels.
dialysis may be required for some patients, and it can make you feel better. it can save your life if your potassium levels are very high. dialysis also be used if :
changes in mental status, if you stop urinating
you develop pericarditis
you retain too much fluid
you can not eliminate nitrogen waste products from your body
dialysis will most often short-term nature. rarely, kidney damage is so great that dialysis may be required permanently.
Support group
the stress of the illness can often be helped by joining a support group where members sharing common experiences and problems.
see : kidney disease - support group
calling your health care provider
contact your health care provider if your urine is slowed or stopped or you have other symptoms of acute renal failure.
Prevention
treating disorders such as high blood pressure can help prevent acute renal failure.
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Judul: Acute kidney failure
Ditulis oleh Unknown
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